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Small molecule purification refers to the process of isolating and purifying small organic molecules, typically with molecular weights less than 900 Daltons. These molecules are used in a wide range of applications, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. The purification process aims to obtain small molecules that are highly pure, free from impurities, and meet the required quality standards.
Small molecule purification involves isolating and purifying small organic compounds for high purity. Common techniques include chromatography, crystallization, distillation, filtration, solvent extraction, recrystallization, precipitation, distillation under reduced pressure, and adsorption. Chromatography separates compounds based on affinity, while crystallization utilizes solubility differences. Distillation separates based on boiling points, filtration removes solid impurities, and solvent extraction selectively extracts compounds. Recrystallization induces the formation of pure crystals, and precipitation forms solids for separation. Distillation under reduced pressure is used for temperature-sensitive compounds, and adsorption selectively adsorbs impurities. Analytical techniques such as HPLC, GC, NMR, MS, and elemental analysis verify purity. These techniques are crucial for obtaining highly pure small molecules, ensuring their quality and efficacy in various applications.